![]() Besides environmental advantages, urban trees also provide positive externalities like financial benefits. ![]() Urban trees influence the climate by mitigating urban heat island effects. Environmental advantages include the capturing of airborne particulate matter and greenhouse gases, provision of habitats for urban fauna and flora and a reduction of rainwater runoff. Trees contribute to the physical and mental health of citizens in many ways. ![]() In these urbanised regions trees increase liveability by adding climatological, financial, environmental, ornamental and social advantages. In North-America, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Europe more than 70% of the people reside in urbanised regions. This complicates risk estimations that include the failure potential of urban trees. From this review it can further be concluded that there is no commonly shared understanding, model or function available that considers all factors which can explain the different types of tree failure. We recommend that arborists collect further data on these factors. For branch failure no relating factors were found. Stem weight and Tree weight were found to relate positively to root failure. The results provide evidence that the factors Height and Stem weight positively relate to stem failure, followed by Age, DBH, DBH squared times H, and Cubed DBH (DBH 3) and Tree weight. Publication bias was analysed visually by funnel plots and results by regression tests. Bayes Factor was calculated to assess the likelihood that the selected factors appear in case of tree failure. A meta-analysis of effect sizes and p-values was executed on those factors which were associated directly with any type of tree failure. A systematic literature review according to the PRISMA guidelines has been performed in databases, supported by backward referencing: 161 articles were reviewed revealing 142 different factors which influenced tree failure. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of factors that influence tree failure including stem failure, root failure and branch failure. This stresses the need for a more objective method to assess the hazardousness of urban trees. Current urban tree risk assessments vary due to differences in experience, training, and personal opinions of assessors. Strikingly, there seems to be an absence of tree risk assessment methods supported by observations, despite an increasing availability of variables and parameters measured by scientists, arborists and practitioners. The potential for trees to fail relates to various biomechanical and physical factors. Recent research has indicated an increase in the likelihood and impact of tree failure.
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